Where our numbers come from
Where the numbers in our Australian energy calculators come from, how we label and check them, and when our data was last reviewed.
How we choose and check sources
We prefer the official source. When we cannot read a number on the official page, we use a dated third-party page. When no source gives it at all, we work out our own estimate and say what it is based on. Any other figure we have not yet checked against the official page carries the “Not yet checked” label.
We review every figure at least every 90 days.
- 50 topics · 290 sources
- Reviewed 23 September 2026
What the labels mean
739 figures carry their own status label. The number next to each label is how many of them carry it.
- Official source 407 figures
- Read on the official page: a regulator, a government scheme, a published tariff, or the maker’s own datasheet or spec page.
- Dated third-party source 119 figures
- Read on a dated third-party page, such as a price survey, a retailer or a product test.
- Estimate 196 figures
- Our own figure, worked out from other sources. The tool says what it is based on.
- Not yet checked 17 figures
- Taken from a source, but not yet checked against the official page.
9 more rows record that we looked for a rebate or a fee and found none. No source can confirm that something does not exist, so these rows carry no label. Each one says the date we looked.
Batteries
STC factors and rules
Clean Energy Regulator
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Battery buy now or wait calculator, Battery size calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator
Cheaper Home Batteries Program
DCCEEW
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Battery buy now or wait calculator, Battery size calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator, Heat pump hot water cost and rebate
State battery schemes
State and territory governments
Used in: Battery rebate calculator
- NSW Government: home battery VPP incentive
- NSW Government: home battery loans, Home Energy Saver (updated 7 Aug 2026)
- NSW Government: home battery loans, Home Energy Saver loan guidelines
- NSW Government: home battery installation discount (closed)
- Solar Victoria: solar battery loans (updated 16 Apr 2026)
- Queensland Government: home energy savings
- SA Department for Energy and Mining: Home Battery Scheme closed (archived 14 Nov 2025)
- SA Department for Energy and Mining: South Australia’s Virtual Power Plant (archived 19 Feb 2026)
- WA Government: WA Residential Battery Scheme (updated 21 May 2026)
- WA Government: WA Residential Battery Scheme, information for applicants (updated 29 Jun 2026)
- ACT Government: Sustainable Household Scheme guidelines for participants (archived 7 Sep 2026)
Home battery prices
CSIRO, Solar Choice
Used in: Battery buy now or wait calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator
Battery and inverter figures
Victron, Tesla and battery makers
Used in: Blackout backup calculator, Battery runtime calculator, Caravan fridge battery calculator, Battery charge time calculator, Inverter size calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator
- Victron: LiFePO4 Smart battery datasheet
- Victron: Lithium Smart battery manual
- Victron: GEL and AGM batteries datasheet
- Victron: BMV-712 Smart and SmartShunt manual
- Victron: Phoenix inverters VE.Direct datasheet
- Victron: MultiPlus-II datasheet
- Victron: Blue Smart IP22 charger manual
- Victron: which solar charge controller, PWM or MPPT?
- Victron: SmartSolar MPPT 100/30 and 100/50 datasheet
- Tesla: Powerwall 3 datasheet (AU)
- Renogy: 12.8 V 100 Ah LiFePO4 battery
- Enerdrive: B-TEC 12 V 100 Ah G2 lithium battery
Peak sun hours
Bureau of Meteorology
Used in: Caravan fridge battery calculator, Battery charge time calculator
Solar system losses
NREL
Used in: Caravan fridge battery calculator, Battery charge time calculator
12 V fridges and DC-DC chargers
Dometic, Bushman, Engel, Redarc
Used in: Battery runtime calculator, Caravan fridge battery calculator, Battery charge time calculator
Appliance starting watts
Champion Power Equipment
Used in: Blackout backup calculator, Inverter size calculator
Appliances
Energy Rating labels
Energy Rating
Used in: Appliance running cost calculator, Heater running cost comparison, Air conditioner running cost calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, Heat pump hot water cost and rebate, Cost to run a dishwasher, +4 more
- Energy Rating: clothes dryers
- Energy Rating Calculator: fridge example
- energy.gov.au: Energy Rating labels
- Energy Rating: understand the Zoned Energy Rating Label
- Energy Rating registry: labelled air conditioners (data.gov.au, 17 Sep 2026)
- GEMS Regulator: Zoned Energy Rating Label factsheet (read via the Wayback Machine)
- GEMS Regulator: the new zoned label, for installers (read via the Wayback Machine)
- GEMS Regulator: questions and answers on the zoned label (read via the Wayback Machine)
- Energy Rating registry: electric hot water heaters (AS/NZS 4692.2), 25 Sep 2026
- Energy Rating registry: gas hot water heaters (AS/NZS 4552.2), 25 Sep 2026
- Energy Rating: Consultation RIS, heat pump water heaters (Jul 2013, archived)
- Energy Rating registry: dishwashers, 25 Sep 2026
- Energy Rating registry: TVs (type 32 export), 25 Sep 2026
Appliance power and use
CHOICE and others
Used in: Blackout backup calculator, Inverter size calculator, Appliance running cost calculator, Heater running cost comparison, Air conditioner running cost calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, +4 more
- SA Government: calculate appliance running costs
- Sustainability Victoria: calculate heating costs
- CHOICE: which electric heater type is best
- Canstar Blue: electric heaters
- EnergySorted: clothes dryer running cost
- CHOICE: money-saving tips for your dryer
- YourHome: appliances
- Home Upkeep: TV electricity use
- Canstar Blue: pool pump running costs
- Home Upkeep: pool pump running costs
- energy.gov.au: pool pumps
- Sustainability Victoria: water heating running costs
- CHOICE: electric blanket buying guide
- AlorAir: dehumidifier running cost
- EnergyPlans: heater cost calculator
- CHOICE: gas heater buying guide
- YourHome: hot water systems (archived 15 Nov 2025)
- CHOICE: gas vs electric hot water systems
Gas prices
Regulators and retailers
Used in: Heater running cost comparison, Air fryer vs oven cost, Heat pump hot water cost and rebate, Cost to run a dishwasher, Gas vs induction cooktop
Water prices
Water utilities
Used in: Cost to run a dishwasher, Evaporative cooling running cost
- Sydney Water: residential pricing 2026-27
- Yarra Valley Water: fees, charges and pricing
- Urban Utilities: 2025-26 pricing guide
- SA Water: residential water prices
- Water Corporation: understanding your water use charges
- Economic Regulator (TAS): TasWater residential customer fact sheet 2026-27
- Icon Water: 2026-27 prices (Inside Water, Jun 2026)
Hot water rebates
State schemes
Used in: Heat pump hot water cost and rebate
- NSW Government: heat pump hot water (updated 9 Jul 2026)
- NSW Energy Savings Scheme: Hot Water Upgrade Incentive
- Victorian Energy Upgrades: hot water system discounts
- Solar Victoria: hot water rebate (updated 1 Jul 2026)
- ACT Government: Sustainable Household Scheme
- ReCFIT: Energy Saver Loan Scheme
- ESCOSA: REPS activity WH1, water heating
- Victorian Government: electric and efficiency standards for buildings (read via a Wayback copy, 23 Jul 2026)
Heat pump zones and STCs
Clean Energy Regulator
Used in: Heat pump hot water cost and rebate, Cost to run a dishwasher
Hot water test load and certificate prices
Elgas, Ecovantage
Used in: Appliance running cost calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, Heat pump hot water cost and rebate, Cost to run a dishwasher
Cooking energy tests
Which?, CHOICE and others
Used in: Inverter size calculator, Appliance running cost calculator, Air fryer vs oven cost
- CHOICE: cheapest cooking appliances to use
- Which?: air fryer vs oven energy cost, cooking results compared (3 Sep 2026)
- CHOICE: air fryer energy costs vs oven (27 Oct 2023)
- InfluxData: air fryer vs oven energy consumption (5 Nov 2025)
- Consumer NZ: air fryer vs oven (11 Jan 2024)
- Renew: Are we still cooking with gas? (ATA, 25 Nov 2014)
- Climate Council: Switch and save methods (Oct 2022)
- Currys: Hotpoint DD2 540 oven energy fiche
- Westinghouse: WVG665SC gas wall oven (archived 31 Dec 2025)
- Instant Brands: commissioned energy use report, oven not metered (30 May 2022)
Dishwasher and hand-washing tests
EECA, Topten, University of Bonn and others
Used in: Appliance running cost calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, Cost to run a dishwasher
- EECA: dishwashers Energy Rating Labels
- Topten: Dishwashers, testing the energy variability related to different uses (May 2017)
- Which?: eco mode vs quick wash, which dishwasher program is cheapest (19 Jan 2026)
- University of Bonn: Berkholz, Kobersky and Stamminger, hand dishwashing in 29 countries (2013)
- Stamminger et al.: A European comparison of cleaning dishes by hand (EEDAL 2003), third-party copy of the paper
- CHOICE: dishwasher vs washing by hand (22 Mar 2024)
Cooktop energy
NatHERS, Frontier Energy, ENERGY STAR
Used in: Gas vs induction cooktop
Switching and abolishment costs
VEU, distributors, CHOICE
Used in: Gas vs induction cooktop
- Victorian Energy Upgrades: induction cooktop discounts
- Victorian Energy Upgrades: induction cooktop buyers guide
- CHOICE: switching from gas to induction (30 Mar 2026)
- Red Energy: additional service charges (Victoria, 1 Jul 2026)
- ActewAGL: remove my meter
- Evoenergy: natural gas connections
- ATCO: permanent disconnections service
- DEECA: Building electrification for residential buildings in Victoria (Aug 2025)
- ACT Climate Choices: cooking with electricity, a guide to electric stove tops
Standby power measurements
E3, NRDC, LBNL, Renew and makers
Used in: Standby power cost
- Energy Rating: Standby Power, Current Status (E3, Oct 2006)
- Energy Rating: Residential Energy Baseline Study for Australia 2000 to 2030 (2015)
- NRDC: Home Idle Load (May 2015)
- LBNL: standby power summary table (archived)
- nbn: focused on energy and resource efficiency (20 Oct 2025)
- Renew: small loads that add up (24 May 2019)
- Sony Interactive: adaptive charging for controllers (19 Dec 2024)
- How-To Geek: how much electricity does the Amazon Echo use (11 Apr 2018)
- Energy Saving Trust: quick tips to save energy
- Xbox Support: learn about power modes
- Shelly: Plus Plug S specifications
Heating & cooling
Heating and cooling advice
energy.gov.au, YourHome and others
Used in: Appliance running cost calculator, Heater running cost comparison, Air conditioner running cost calculator, Wood heater vs reverse-cycle, What one degree costs you, Evaporative cooling running cost
- CHOICE: the cheapest way to heat your home this winter
- energy.gov.au: heating and cooling (read via the Wayback Machine)
- YourHome: heating and cooling (read via the Wayback Machine)
- energy.gov.au: summer energy savings (read via the Wayback Machine)
- CHOICE: should you switch from a wood-fired heater? (25 Jul 2023)
Firewood prices and wood heater standards
NSW EPA, AHHA, firewood suppliers
Used in: Wood heater vs reverse-cycle
Thermostat use (not a speed dial)
UK government
Used in: What one degree costs you
Evaporative cooling
Braemar retailers, SolarQuotes and others
Used in: Evaporative cooling running cost
- Water Corporation: improve the water efficiency of your evaporative air con
- Lawson Air: Braemar Evolution Series 10.4kW LPQI350
- The Air Store: Braemar Evaporative Air Conditioner LCQ350
- The Air Store: Braemar Evaporative Air Conditioner LCQ550
- SolarQuotes: evaporative cooling vs reverse cycle air conditioning (15 Dec 2025)
- CHOICE: evaporative coolers vs air conditioners
Transport
Vehicle energy and fuel use
Green Vehicle Guide
Used in: EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, Fuel cost calculator, Fuel consumption calculator, EV charging time calculator, Solar EV charging calculator
- Green Vehicle Guide: Tesla Model Y (2025)
- Green Vehicle Guide: BYD Seal (2023)
- Green Vehicle Guide: BYD Dolphin (2023)
- Green Vehicle Guide: vehicle search (L/100km for each variant)
- Green Vehicle Guide: fuel consumption label (ADR 81/02 and 81/03)
- Green Vehicle Guide: real world emissions
- Green Vehicle Guide: tips to reduce your emissions
Distance driven and fleet fuel use
ABS
Used in: EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, Fuel cost calculator, Solar EV charging calculator
Fuel prices
Australian Institute of Petroleum, MotorMouth
Used in: EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, Fuel cost calculator, Fuel consumption calculator
- Australian Institute of Petroleum: Weekly Petrol Prices Report, week ending 27 September 2026 (retail data supplied by MotorMouth)
- Australian Institute of Petroleum: Weekly Prices Reports
- Australian Institute of Petroleum: Weekly Diesel Prices Report, week ending 27 September 2026 (retail data supplied by MotorMouth)
Real-world fuel use and car sales
AAA, FCAI, CarExpert
Route distances
OpenStreetMap, travel and motoring sites
Used in: Fuel cost calculator
- OpenStreetMap: copyright and licence (© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL)
- OSRM: open source routing machine
- CarsGuide: Sydney to Melbourne drive (2 Nov 2020)
- Wikivoyage: Sydney to Melbourne by car
- Wikivoyage: Sydney to Brisbane by car
- Wikivoyage: Canberra
- RACV: Melbourne to Adelaide road trip (24 Mar 2025)
- Tourism Australia: day trips from Brisbane
- Tourism Australia: guide to Margaret River
Measuring fuel use
fueleconomy.gov, CarsGuide
EV plans and public charging
Retailers, NRMA, Zecar, The Driven
Used in: EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, Fuel cost calculator, Solar EV charging calculator
Road user charge and free power
NSW and VIC governments
Used in: EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, Fuel cost calculator, Solar EV charging calculator
EV charging losses
Recurrent and research
Used in: EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, Fuel cost calculator, EV charging time calculator, Solar EV charging calculator
EV charging specs
Car makers, ev-database, evkx
Used in: EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, EV charging time calculator, Watts to amps calculator, Solar EV charging calculator
- MG Australia: MG4 EV Urban 2026 brochure
- BYD Australia: Seal 2025 brochure
- BYD Australia: Dolphin 2025 brochure
- BYD Australia: Dolphin page
- Hyundai Australia: Ioniq 5 spec table, September 2021
- Kia US: 2022 EV6 specifications
- CarExpert: 2022 Kia EV6 price and specs
- Neerav Bhatt: Kia EV6 Air AC charging rate tested
- Tesla Australia: onboard charger (Wayback, 21 May 2026)
- Tesla Australia: Model 3 (Wayback, 13 March 2026)
- ev-database: Tesla Model Y Premium AWD
- ev-database: Tesla Model Y Long Range AWD
- ev-database: Tesla Model Y Performance
- ev-database: Tesla Model 3 Long Range AWD
- ev-database: BYD Seal 61.4 kWh
- ev-database: BYD Seal 82.5 kWh
- ev-database: BYD Dolphin 44.9 kWh
- ev-database: MG4 Urban Long Range
- ev-database: MG4 Urban Standard Range
- ev-database: Kia EV6 Long Range 2WD
- ev-database: Hyundai Ioniq 5 Long Range 2WD
- evkx: BYD Dolphin 60.4 kWh charge curve
- VESR: electric vehicle charging
- SolarQuotes: EV charging from a power point
- Electrical Connection: when voltage varies (AS 60038)
- Kostopoulos et al. 2020: real-world study for the optimal charging of EVs
Electricity
Average electricity prices
Canstar
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Battery buy now or wait calculator, Battery size calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator, Appliance running cost calculator, Heater running cost comparison, +12 more
WA regulated tariff
Synergy
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Battery buy now or wait calculator, Battery size calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator, Appliance running cost calculator, Heater running cost comparison, +12 more
Regional Queensland rates
QCA
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Appliance running cost calculator, Solar feed-in tariff calculator, Heat pump hot water cost and rebate, Electricity bill calculator, Peak and off-peak times calculator
Free midday power plans
AER, ESC and others
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, Fuel cost calculator, Electricity bill calculator, Peak and off-peak times calculator, +1 more
- energy.gov.au: Solar Sharer Offer (read via a Wayback copy, 2 Jul 2026)
- CHOICE: the Solar Sharer Offer explained
- Victorian Government: Victorian Midday Power Saver (read via a Wayback copy, 11 Jul 2026)
- AER: Default market offer 2026–27 determination (Federal Register of Legislation, F2026L00643)
- Federal Register of Legislation: Electricity Retail Regulations 2019, s.11A (the 24 kWh cap)
- AER: Default market offer 2026–27 final determination (DMO 8)
- AER: Solar Sharer Offer fact sheet (May 2026)
- AER: Default market offer 2026–27 information kit
- Victorian Government: Victorian Midday Power Saver Pricing Order 2026 (Gazette S 498, 8 September 2026)
- Essential Services Commission: Victorian Midday Power Saver
- Essential Services Commission: Victorian Midday Power Saver technical paper (read via a Wayback copy)
- Essential Services Commission: Midday Power Saver tariffs, 1 October 2026 to 30 June 2027
- Essential Services Commission: Victorian Default Offer
Regulated electricity offers
AER, ESC, QCA, ActewAGL, Aurora, WA Government
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, Electricity bill calculator, Peak and off-peak times calculator
- AER: DMO 8 final determination 2026–27, Appendix C (read via a Wayback copy)
- AER: DMO 2026–27 information kit, reference bills (read via a Wayback copy)
- AER: Annual retail markets report 2024–25, Table A2.1 (read via a Wayback copy)
- ESC: Victorian Default Offer 2026–27 final decision paper
- ESC: Victorian Default Offer 2026–27 price determination
- CitiPower and Powercor: residential network tariffs fact sheet
- Ausgrid: ES7 network price guide (read via a Wayback copy)
- Endeavour Energy: network price list 2024–25
- Essential Energy: network price list 2025–26
- SA Power Networks: tariff structure statement Part A (read via a Wayback copy)
- ActewAGL: ACT standard electricity prices from 1 July 2026
- Aurora Energy: 2026–27 standing offer tariff schedule
- WA legislation: Synergy charges amendment by-laws 2026 (SL 2026/140)
- Economic Regulation Authority WA: can I choose my retailer?
- positiveenergy: Synergy A1 vs Midday Saver vs EV Add-On
- BillWise: Synergy July 2026 tariff increase
- NSW Government: public holidays
- PM&C: National Energy Retail Amendment (Accelerating smart meter deployment) Rule 2024
- Energy Made Easy: retail plan data (GloBird ZEROHERO)
Typical usage through the day
AER, ESC
Used in: Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, Electricity bill calculator, Peak and off-peak times calculator
Household electricity use
AER, Ausgrid, Synergy
Used in: Battery size calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, Solar feed-in tariff calculator, Electricity bill calculator, Peak and off-peak times calculator, +1 more
Voltage, power points and power factor
Regulators, networks and makers
Used in: Appliance running cost calculator, Watts to amps calculator
- ESC Distribution Code: Electricity Distribution Code of Practice v3.1 (1 January 2026)
- Western Power: Western Australian Service and Installation Requirements (April 2023)
- UNSW: Voltage analysis of the LV distribution network in the NEM (report for the ESB, May 2020)
- NT WorkSafe: safe use of power boards (read via the Wayback Machine)
- WorkSafe Victoria: 15 amp plug tops safety alert, 27 March 2012 (read via the Wayback Machine)
- Energy Safe Victoria: using electricity safely
- Wikipedia: AS/NZS 3112 plug and socket standard
- Schneider Electric: Electrical Installation Guide, practical values of power factor (read via the Wayback Machine)
- Schneider Electric: Electrical Installation Guide, resistive-type heating appliances (read via the Wayback Machine)
- Schneider Electric: Electrical Installation Guide, induction motors (read via the Wayback Machine)
- Caterpillar: FG Wilson 400/230 V generator set spec sheet (770 kVA at 0.8 power factor)
- Kohler: KD800 generator spec sheet G5-578 (rated at 0.8 power factor)
- Energy Rating: LED Lighting Product Profile, August 2017 (read via the Wayback Machine)
- Breville: BKE425 the Soft Top Dual kettle
- Fisher & Paykel: vented dryer user guide (DE5060M)
- Westinghouse: WHI633BC 60 cm induction cooktop
Controlled-load rates
Networks and retailers
Used in: Appliance running cost calculator, Heat pump hot water cost and rebate, Electricity bill calculator, Peak and off-peak times calculator
- Nectr: July 1 2026 rate update
- AER: DMO 2026–27 determination, controlled load tariff caps (Federal Register of Legislation, F2026L00643)
- ESC VDO: Victorian Default Offer
- Aurora Energy: residential prices
- Ausgrid: controlled load pricing
- ActewAGL: controlled load, ACT Standard plan electricity prices from 1 July 2026
- Canstar: controlled load rates (9 Jan 2026, before the July reset)
Solar
Solar feed-in tariffs
EnergyPlans, WA Government
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Battery buy now or wait calculator, Battery size calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator, Appliance running cost calculator, EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, +5 more
Tasmanian feed-in tariff
OTTER
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Battery buy now or wait calculator, Battery size calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator, Appliance running cost calculator, EV charging cost vs petrol calculator, +4 more
Victorian feed-in rules
Essential Services Commission
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Solar feed-in tariff calculator
Premium solar feed-in tariffs
State governments
Used in: Battery rebate calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator, Solar feed-in tariff calculator
Solar zones and system sizes
Clean Energy Regulator
Used in: Battery size calculator, Add a battery to solar calculator, Solar Sharer and Midday Power Saver calculator, Solar feed-in tariff calculator, Solar EV charging calculator
Solar EV charging
PVGIS, charger makers, SolarQuotes
Used in: Solar EV charging calculator
